First Law of Thermodynamics - Definition

The first law of thermodynamics is the physical law which states that the total energy of a system and its surroundings remain  constant. The law is also known as the law of conservation of energy, which states energy can transform from one form into another, but can neither be created nor destroyed within an isolated system. Perpetual motion machines of the first kind are impossible, according to the first law of thermodynamics. In other words, it is not possible to construct an engine that will cycle and produce work continuously from nothing. First Law of Thermodynamics Equation The equation for the first law can be confusing because there are two different sign conventions in use. In physics, particularly when discussing heat engines, the change in the energy of a system equals the heat flow in the system from the surroundings minus the work done by the system on the surroundings. The equation for the law may be written: ΔU Q - W Here, ΔU is the change in the internal energy of a closed system, Q is the heat supplied to the system, and W is the amount of work done by the system on the surroundings. This version of the law follows the sign convention of Clausius. However, the IUPAC uses the sign convention proposed by Max Planck. Here, net energy transfer to a system is positive and net energy transfer from a system are negative. The equation then becomes: ΔU Q W Sources Adkins, C. J. (1983). Equilibrium Thermodynamics (3rd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-25445-0.Bailyn, M. (1994). A Survey of Thermodynamics. American Institute of Physics Press. New York. ISBN 0-88318-797-3.Denbigh, K. (1981). The Principles of Chemical Equilibrium With Applications in Chemistry and Chemical Engineering (4th ed.). Cambridge University Press. Cambridge UK. ISBN 0-521-23682-7.

Justice in Hamlet - 1412 Words

In the revenge play of Hamlet, the idea of poetic justice can be seen throughout the play various times. Shakespeare allows the reader to understand the mistakes of each character by killing them off in a justly manner. While seeking revenge, the main characters of the play earn their poetic ending, permitting Shakespeare to restore the karmic balance of the play. Claudius, Leartes, Polonius, are all killed poetically as a direct result of their actions, while Ophelia is used to reiterate the poetic justices in the other character because of the fact that she is not killed poetically. Claudius poisoned King Hamlet in order to become King himself. While he feels the guilt of killing his brother, Claudius doesn’t want to give up the fruits†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"Marry, well said, very well said. Look you, sir, Inquire me first what Danskers are in Paris, And how, and who, what means, and where they keep What company at what expense; and finding By this encompassment and drift of question That they do know my son, come you more nearer Than your particular demands will touch it. Take you, as twere, some distant knowledge of him, As thus: â€Å"I know his father and his friends, And, in part, him.† Do you mark this, Reynaldo? (A.II.sc.i.ln 6-15).† Polonius wants to know what is Laertes doing and has sent Reynaldo to do his spying for him. We can see how these actions and character traits will continue throughout the play and will lead to his poetic death. Even though his death is an accident, he gets what he deserves because he is wher e he shouldn’t be: the King and Queen’s chambers. Hamlet thinks he is Claudius and that is why he kills him. When Hamlet finds out that it is, in fact, Polonius he says, â€Å"Thou wretched, rash, intruding fool, farewell. I took thee for thy better. Take thy fortune. Thou findst to be too busy is some danger. (A.III.sc.iv.ln 32-34).† Polonius’ death is the most notable act of poetic justice in the play. Shakespeare uses this character’s death to show the audience how snooping and meddling into other people’s business is morally wrong and you will be punished for it accordingly. The character of Ophelia is driven to insanityShow MoreRelatedRevenge And Justice In Hamlet968 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Revenge is the act of passion, vengeance is an act of justice.† Many people seek revenge and try to disguise it as justice. Revenge can either be justifiable or unjustifiable based on the circumstances of the offense. Someone’s vengeance can be the establishment of justice, but revenge is not always justice. Revenge is defined as the action of inflicting hurt or harm on someone for an injury or wrong suffered at their hands (Webster Dictionary). Justice is based on actions while revenge is based on feelingsRead MoreHamlet s Search For Justice1294 Words   |  6 Pagesunique circumstances that dictate their life long search for justice, often coming up empty-handed. One character that exemplifies this model of a person in searching for justice appears in Shakespeare’s novel, Hamlet. The title character, Hamlet, understands justice in terms of a noble revenge, but fails to take action, due to his weak disposition to act on his thoughts. Hamlet’s search for justice was not successful because his sense of â€Å"justice† was flawed, ultimately leading not only to his own deathRead MoreExamples Of Justice And Forgiveness In Hamlet951 Words   |  4 PagesCan justice and forgiveness go hand in hand? Can a man with the lust for blood and revenge punish and forgive his indicted villain? As much as we would love to think that it’s possible to punish and forgive, we would only be clouding our judgement when we know full well that we cannot have both. To forgive means to stop feeling angry or resentful toward someone for an offense, flaw, or mistake. Justice means the action of punishing or correcting something or someone that is not behaving accordingRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Hamlet - Tainted Justice1426 Words   |  6 PagesRahul Sehrawat Ms. Piacente ENG4U1-07 Friday, May 20, 2016 Tainted Justice In William Shakespeare’s Hamlet, one of the major themes is justice. Hamlet, the prince of Denmark, vows to avenge his father’s murder and does so in Act 5, scene 2 by killing Claudius. This play can be seen as a trial and after tracing the courtroom imagery, it can be concluded that justice is served in Act 5, scene 2. In order for a trial to commence, there has to be some form of disruption. Shakespeare leaves no stoneRead MoreHamlet s Internal Conflict And Search For Justice2309 Words   |  10 PagesHamlet faces challenges throughout the play that try his inner strengths and test his ability to handle the situation. He is torn between wanting to seek justice, and avenge his father’s death. Hamlet is also caught up in an intricate web of lies and deceit, he is considered mad by most characters when in all actuality it is just playing off of the actions of others to benefit himself. He puts on different acts trying to hide the truth, which makes him seem sincerely mad to the people around himRead MoreTo Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee1185 Words   |  5 Pagesracial discrimination is prominent. Hamlet is a tragic play, written about the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, involving incest, murder, and dishonesty. The above literatures are written during different periods of time and are contrastive in numerous aspects. 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Hamlet is an intelligent, moralRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Hamlet, The Prince Of Denmark985 Words   |  4 Pages William Shakespeare’s Hamlet, The Prince of Denmark has remained to be the most astonishing of William Shakespeare’s tragedies. It is widely known to be considered as a philosophy or drama based play, but moral center is universally acknowledged. The characters in Hamlet persistently struggle with the power of their consciences, as they are tempted to satisfy their innermost desires. Hamlet, The Prince of Denmark, is bestowed upon the strenuous task of taking justice into his hands to avenge hisRead MoreHamlet As A Tragic Hero1305 Words   |  6 Pagesof sorrow, pity, or understanding of someone else’s misfortune. Hamlet, in this case, is the tragic hero due to many different sources that cause the reader to have an immense amount of sympathy for him. 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Mabo Study Guide Free Essays

Contents claim’s success. It also examines broader concepts such as colonisation, land rights and native title— in Australia and internationally—and looks at what happened in the past and what is happening now. Combining CD-ROMs with a website and online data- base, the project brings together a documentary video with hundreds of specially created audio-visual sequences and a wealth of text and images from primary and secondary sources. We will write a custom essay sample on Mabo Study Guide or any similar topic only for you Order Now These teachers notes will help you explore the poten- tial of the materials. They provide summaries, set the resources within an educational framework, explain some uses of the key tools and features, and suggest classroom activities. The materials cross disciplines and can be used at different year levels. The variety of media makes it easier for different students to access the content. It’s assumed that you’ll pick and choose from the vast amount of material available, adapting for a year level, the needs of a particular group of students and your school in your part of Australia. Levels and audience Senior secondary, undergraduate and research at adult levels Key learning areas Aboriginal Studies, Australian Studies, English, Indigenous Studies, Studies of Society and Environment, History, Legal Studies, Politics, Information Technology, and multimedia across the curriculum Introduction Background information 2 Features and uses 4 Designing a unit of work 5 Selecting a starting point 6 Activity suggestions 6 Introduction Mabo is the name that’s identified with a legal revolution in Australia. But Mabo was not just a court case: Eddie Mabo was a man—an obstinate, difficult and passionate human being, who was consumed with preserving the culture of a tiny island. ’ Trevor Graham, co-author/director of Mabo—The Native Title Revolution In 1992, the High Court of Australia put an end to the legal fiction that Australia was empty before it was occupied by Europeans. It upheld the claim of Eddie ‘Koiki’ Mabo and his fellow plaintiffs that Murray Islanders were the traditional owners of land on the island of Mer in the Torres Strait. Mabo—The Native Title Revolution delves into the Mabo legal case and the important issues it raises for Australians and indigenous peoples everywhere. This multimedia resource gives an overview of the case and provides an insight into Torres Strait Islander culture and Eddie Mabo himself—both were crucial to the TEACHERS NOTES 1 FILM AUSTRALIA †¢ PAGE 1 How to cite Mabo Study Guide, Essay examples

Practical Play work Development

Executive Summary This paper focuses upon the examining the aim and objectives of Little Dreams Nursery and determining the importance of team work. In this paper, a framework is developed which is effective for developing the standard of service provided by Little Dreams Nursery. Moreover, this paper identifies various powers and explains the distribution of power in Little Dreams Nursery. This report emphasizes on analyzing the effectiveness of team work in context of Little Dreams Nursery for achieving its aims and objectives. Table of Contents Executive Summary. 2 Introduction. 4 Aim and Objectives of Teamwork. 4 Soft Systems Methodology in context of Little Dreams Nursery. 8 Types of Power. 10 Distribution of Power. 11 Effectiveness of the Organization in Achieving Aims. 12 Conclusion. 12 References. 14 Introduction Little Dreams Nursery offers quality experience to the children from six weeks to five years. As team work always helps in enhancing performance, it can also be applied in children learning and development framework. Nursery play schools provide service to the children and make them involved in various activities. There are various jobs in a nursery performed by a group o staffs. Teams can be developed in accordance to their nature of job. This will lead to better performance as everybody will concentrate upon his/her own job responsibilities. Moreover, team work helps in maintaining integrity of an agency. In case of Little Dreams Nursery, the several teams are developed in accordance to its aims ad objectives. The effectiveness of each team depends upon distribution of power and exercise of power. The power distribution in Little Dreams Nursery is also discussed n this paper. Aim and Objectives of Teamwork Team work always helps in enhancing the performance of an agency and leads to achieve the objectives. Teams in the agency must be built in order to effectively fulfill the aims of the agency. Little Dreams Nursery aims to provide a safe a healthy environment to the children aged between six weeks to five years. In every stage, they are made involved in different types of activities. Teams are built to cater various activities of the children. Teams are motivated to achieve a common goal along with its team members. In Little Dreams Nursery teams are built so that each team can cater to specific activities. Various activities are carried out by several staffs of Little Dreams Nursery. The teams are developed so that job responsibilities can be clearly designated. Each team will focus on performing its own job along with its team members. The job role of the team members must be defined clearly. Hence, effective teams in Little Dreams Nursery will assist in achieving the aims and objec tives of providing safe, welcoming, healthy and happy atmosphere to the children aged between six weeks to five years (Little Dreams Nursery, 2014). In this section it is discussed how teams of Little Dreams Nursery helps in proving quality experience for the children. Little Dreams Nursery has a consistent security entry system which is managed by a team containing selected team members. The objective of the team is to ensure authorized entrance to the nursery premises. The security team is responsible for dealing with the security issues of nursery. It has communicated to the requirement of notification in order to know the authorized person to collect children from nursery. The security team of Little Dreams Nursery does not allow the children to leave nursery premises with an unauthorized person. This rule is strictly followed by the security team of Little Dreams Nursery. A team is built for taking care of the children in the introductory period. A team consisting of team members having knowledge of children communication and psychology deals with the children in the initial session. This session takes place before the actual or full day session starts. The aim of the introductory sessions is to make the child used to with that particular environment and people. Expert team members having relevant sill interact with the children to make him/ her accustomed with the nursery. In this period, the parents are allowed to join with the children. The team members are responsible for deciding upon the length of the introductory period. The objective is to make the children feel relaxed and comfortable in the nursery setting. A team is built in Little Dreams Nursery for monitoring the children in small Baby Room and preparing daily report for the children. The daily report is handed over to the parents as a useful reference. The daily report sheet will contain the eating as well as sleeping patterns, consumption of fluid, frequency of toileting etc. It is also informed whether any abnormality is observed in the daily activities. Moreover, daily reports contain the detailed information about the participation of children in different activities. In Little Dreams Nursery, there is a room where children can sleep. In the sleep room a small team consisting two members monitors the children. The responsibility of the team members is to check whether suitable arrangements have been made where the children can sleep. The team must ensure that the bed linens are clean and properly settled. They are also responsible for maintaining calm atmosphere in the sleep room so that children can have uninterrupted sleep. A team is developed in Little Child Nursery for keeping track of the progress of the children. This nursery aims to provide superior experiences by organizing quality activities as per Curriculum for Excellence. It tries to promote development of children through learning in eight areas. It is very important to assess the development or progress of a child. A team is responsible for preparing the progress report of the children. The teachers or educators who made the children involved in the activities are the best person for assessing their progress. The progress report is sent to the parents twice in a year. Moreover, the parents can anytime approach this team to get an insight about the childs progress (Little Dreams Nursery, 2014). Little Child Nursery follows the Curriculum for experience for promoting childrens development. In order to enable children to become an effective, confident and successful learner as well as a responsible contributor to the society most importance must be given to activity planning. Undoubtedly it is one of the most difficult as well as significant task. A team must be developed consisting experienced and expert individuals n order to plan nursery activities for meeting achieving the desired learning outcomes. The activity plan must be flexible and address the individual need and interest. The activity plans will be different for various developmental stages. The activities for children below three years are less structured and focus upon responsive learning. On the other hand, activity planning for children above three years is structured and emphasizes on the learning outcome. The team responsible for designing activities plays a crucial role in attaining the objectives of Little Dreams Nursery (Little Dreams Nursery, 2014). Little Dreams Nursery provides superior quality healthy lunch to the children. A two course lunch is offered by the nursery which consist high standard ingredients. A team is built for catering the lunch of the children. The role for team members must be designated. Some members are responsible for preparing meals and some will assist in serving those. The team must designate a member who will monitor the standard of the meals and make sure all the ingredients are fresh and healthy for children. Moreover, few team members will feed the babies and teach the children how to eat (Little Dreams Nursery, 2014). A team must be built for taking care of the cleanliness and hygiene of the children. Sometimes, children take part in some activities which makes their clothes dirty. The team members must encourage the children to wear apron when needed. The team members are responsible for ensuring all children who belong to the age group of three to five have brushed their teeth regularly after lunch. A small team must be built with experts who can handle the children suffering from illness. Sometimes, children get injured while involved in the activities. The team will be responsible for providing comfort to the ill children. Moreover, if the child is detected with infectious disease the team members must provide separate accommodation so that it does not affect other children (Little Dreams Nursery, 2014). All the teams in Little Dreams Nursery should promote positive behaviors. The children must be encouraged and praised from all the team members. The children must feel protected and it is the responsibility of every team member. Children must receive enough attention in order to fulfill their needs (Drake, 2009). This is an effective way in which various teams with designated job responsibilities will perform together in order to achieve the aims and objectives of Little Dreams Nursery. Soft Systems Methodology in context of Little Dreams Nursery Soft Systems Methodology is an approach that assists in identifying solution for real world problems. This methodology was developed by Peter Chuckland. The Soft Systems Methodology can be described with the aid of following diagram: In order to build a rich picture three analyses are required. First analysis will involve scrutiny of the intervention. Second analysis will examine the roles, rules and regulations and values. Third analysis is known as political analysis which will be responsible for distribution of power, list of activities needed to be done for influencing people etc. Analysis of the intervention will give a vivid idea about the problem situation. In context of Little Dreams Nursery, the problem situation is it needs to develop teams for achieving the objectives efficiently. By analyzing the social system, the roles of each team and team members must be designated. The regulatory framework and the objective of Little Dreams Nursery must be defined clearly while assigning various job roles. Political system analysis will help in distribution of power in a specific agency. Types of Power There are different types of power that re relevant in case f Little Dreams Nursery. Various type of powers are discussed below: Position Power Position power is also known as the legitimate power. This power is naturally gained by people who are in higher position. The organizational hierarchy gives the authority to control the sub-ordinate people. For example, CEO or owner of an organization has the control over entire organization in terms of setting goals and determining the direction of various activities. Expert Power Expert power can be achieved when a person gains enough knowledge about a certain job or task. Expert power is generated from individual skill as well as experiences. When a person gains knowledge from real life problems and he can use it in other problems. Thus a person becomes expert in solving challenging issues in a specific area (Kadushin and Harkness, 2002). Dependence Power Dependence power can be referred to the power which can be gained from others influence. In other terms when a person receives favor from a powerful person it is known as dependence power. In most of the cases, dependence power is gained from short period of time for carrying out a specific activity. Personal Power Personal power can be gained when a person is respected and trusted for his qualities. A person gets trusted for its previous works and skills. Very often, power is given to a person when it is observed that the person has been able to managed difficult situations. Distribution of Power Right distribution of power helps to achieve the desired goals of an organization. In Little Dreams Nursery, the distribution of power is very significant. The children are served in this nursery and any mismanagement or misuse of power will affect the children. Gillian McKnight is the owner of the Little Dreams Nursery. She has the legitimate of position power. She has greater control over the nursery and its activities. She has experience of fifteen years in childcare sector. Hence she also has the expert power. Mrs. McKnight can always give suggestions and take decisions regarding management of several activities in the nursery. She is responsible for monitoring the everyday activities of Little Dreams Nursery a well as running the nursery. Mrs. McKnight has the power to deal with all types of childcare issues, management of employees, monitoring the quality of service provided by the staffs etc. The nursery is extensively dependent upon the use of power by Gillian McKnight. The co-owner and manager of Little Dreams Nursery is Michelle Macrae. Being an owner and manager Mrs. Macrae has the position power or legitimate power. She is also experienced in childcare and child education. Formerly, she had worked in two nurseries as manager. She can apply the expert power in resolving issues regarding childcare, staff management etc. She monitors all the activities of nursery and takes decision in order to improve the quality of service. Misuse of the position power very often affects the agency. She must be careful in exercising power. Various teams are developed in Little Dreams Nursery and each team must be headed by a team leader. The team leader will be responsible for designating tasks among the team members. The team members must be given independence in order to perform their task effectively. But, if any misuse of power is observed, it must be informed to the manager and owner of the nursery. Name Position Power Gillian McKnight Owner Position Power, Expert power Michelle Macrae Co-owner, Manager Position Power, Expert power Ainsley Bruce Security Team Leader Position Power Dolina Gordon Introductory Session team Leader Expert Power Gracie Aiken Sleeping Room Monitor Position Power Ina Gibson Progress Report Team Leader Expert Power, Personal Power Finola Patton Team leader: Activity Planning Expert Power Kenzy Norris Team leader: lunch Expert Power, personal power, Position Power Margaret Sterling Nursing Expert Power Effectiveness of the Organization in Achieving Aims Little Dreams Nursery has a lot of potential to provide quality experience to the children belonging to the age group of six week to five years. The aim of the nursery can be achieved if the above stated teams are built and each team member performs efficiently. The nursery follows the best practice described by the National care Standard. Additionally, code of practice indicated by Scottish Social Services Council is followed by Little Dreams Nursery. Getting it Right for Every Children (GIRFEC) approach is applied by the nursery for transforming the children into a confident learner and successful contributor. The nursery treats every child equally irrespective of their nationality, religion, caste ad gender. Little Dreams Nursery emphasizes on promoting positive behavior by encouraging and praising the children. The feedback of parents is considered for improving the quality of service and the parents are encouraged to share their inputs (Little Dreams Nursery, 2014). Conclusion The above discussion can be summarized by saying, Little Dreams Nursery have enough potential to achieve its aims effectively by building efficient teams. According to the nature of task, teams must be built. With the aid of Soft Systems Methodology, various types of power and distribution of power in Little Dreams Nursery are discussed. Little Dreams Nursery effectively follows the prescribed guidelines by Scottish Social Services Council, National Care Standard and Child at the Centre. Hence, team work profile must be developed in order to achieve the aims and objectives of the agency. Moreover, distribution of power is an important aspect that helps in achieving the aims of Little Dreams Nursery. References Drake, J. (2009).Planning for children's play and learning. 1st ed. London: Routledge. Kadushin, A. and Harkness, D. (2002).Supervision in social work. 1st ed. New York: Columbia University Press, p.89. Little Dreams Nursery, (2014).Aims and Objectives - Little Dreams Nursery. [online] Available at: https://www.littledreamsnursery.com/aims-and-objectives [Accessed 12 Jul. 2014]. Little Dreams Nursery, (2014).Healthy Eating - Little Dreams Nursery. [online] Available at: https://www.littledreamsnursery.com/healthy-eating [Accessed 12 Jul. 2014]. Little Dreams Nursery, (2014).Information - Little Dreams Nursery. [online] Available at: https://www.littledreamsnursery.com/information [Accessed 12 Jul. 2014]. West, M. (2012).Effective teamwork. 1st ed. Malden, Mass. [u.a.]: BPS Blackwell. Wilson, B. (2001).Soft systems methodology. 1st ed. Chichester: Wiley.

With Millions Of Dollars In Merchandising And Television Contracts At Essay Example For Students

With Millions Of Dollars In Merchandising And Television Contracts At Essay stake, colleges have a lot of money riding on the recruitment, education, and performance?both on and off the field of college athletes. Colleges lure the athletes to their school, and make sure they meet the eligibility requirements when there. In order for athletes to be eligible to play in college they must attain a minimum of a 2.0 GPA in 11 designated courses, and earn a combined 700 on the SATs. Athletes must also meet the schools requirements, normally a 2.0 GPA. With so much at stake, some colleges often go too far, by providing players with personal tutors, who often do work for the players, and pressuring teachers and administrators to look the other way when athletes fail. The NCAA also bars players from receiving any compensation, except scholarships for their play. However, there are many incidences of players receiving other sorts of compensation. There are many violations of athletic department officials and trustees giving players money, or gifts, ranging from clothin g to cars. Colleges have also been known to give gifts to players just to get them to attend their institution, a practice that is much harder to trace because the student is not enrolled at the school. This has an effect on the psyche of the athletes; more incidences of sexual abuse and other crimes by athletes are arising every year. Even though the NCAA strictly prohibits all of these things from going on, it seems every year another school is violating them. These rules are not stringent enough both academically and socially for the players. The last major change to these rules came in 1989 with the passage of Proposition 42. We will write a custom essay on With Millions Of Dollars In Merchandising And Television Contracts At specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now This rule change closed a loophole in a proposition passed in 1983. The 1983 proposition, known as Proposition 42, required that, beginning in 1986, all athletes must earn a minimum of a 2.0 in eleven designated high school courses, and earn a minimum score of 700 on their SATs. However, there was a loophole in this regulation. If they did not earn these minimums players could still enroll in the university, under full scholarship, not play or practice with the team, but earn their minimum GPA and then play the next year without ever having met the initial requirements. In an article written for The New Republic in May 1986, Malcolm Gladwell criticizes Proposition 48 and the effects it will have on college sports. Citing many examples of foul play at colleges, ranging from teachers being fired at the University of Georgia in 1982 for not giving preferential treatment to athletes, to players being arrested for rape at the University of Minnesota and their coach stating he could not s et realistic disciplinary standards?much less academic standards?for fear of losing recruits, Gladwell states, Big time athletic competition is far more important than education at many major public universities, and nothing is likely to change that (13). He identifies the main problem with proposition 48, citing Berkeley sociologist Harry Edwards, The big universities will simply keep a separate roster of first year ineligible athletes along with their regular players(16). The amount of money a school has will determine how many non-qualifying players they can lure to their schools with scholarships. This is the reason for the passing of proposition 42, which bars colleges from giving scholarships to incoming freshmen that do not meet the requirements. Consequently, many people feel that these tougher regulations will lead to more cheating. If that is the case, than more severe punishments should be installed to deter this behavior. A side effect of proposition 48 is that, many of the athletes that attend these schools on basketball and football scholarships are from low-income families that cannot afford to pay tuition to large universities. It is these people that will lose out if the colleges cannot find another way of paying for them. This in effect will lead to more cheating, like colleges helping prospective students secure government grants and loans, but this is not always enough. They may have to have trustees pay for some of their education, or may be outright given money by the schools. And this is for athletes who do not meet the requirements. What about the athletes that do meet them, what are they given? The top athletes in the country know they can get scholarships from many schools, so what else are these top schools willing to give them? At the least, these athletes receive preferential treatment. With so many of the countries top basketball and football players, some with criminal records, coming from lower class communities, where does this preferential treatment stop? There are many cases of college athletes violating the law and someone looking the other way. There has never been a better example of widespread athletics corruption than the University of Minnesota. .u0875bb46ed31e1c2cf140159f4190be6 , .u0875bb46ed31e1c2cf140159f4190be6 .postImageUrl , .u0875bb46ed31e1c2cf140159f4190be6 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u0875bb46ed31e1c2cf140159f4190be6 , .u0875bb46ed31e1c2cf140159f4190be6:hover , .u0875bb46ed31e1c2cf140159f4190be6:visited , .u0875bb46ed31e1c2cf140159f4190be6:active { border:0!important; } .u0875bb46ed31e1c2cf140159f4190be6 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u0875bb46ed31e1c2cf140159f4190be6 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u0875bb46ed31e1c2cf140159f4190be6:active , .u0875bb46ed31e1c2cf140159f4190be6:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u0875bb46ed31e1c2cf140159f4190be6 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u0875bb46ed31e1c2cf140159f4190be6 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u0875bb46ed31e1c2cf140159f4190be6 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u0875bb46ed31e1c2cf140159f4190be6 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u0875bb46ed31e1c2cf140159f4190be6:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u0875bb46ed31e1c2cf140159f4190be6 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u0875bb46ed31e1c2cf140159f4190be6 .u0875bb46ed31e1c2cf140159f4190be6-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u0875bb46ed31e1c2cf140159f4190be6:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: America Paper EssayThe scandals at the University of Minnesota are so important because they were not isolated incidents, but rather operations that had gone on for years before being uncovered. After the 1986 scandal when three basketball players were accused of rape, the team was accused of over forty violations and put on probation; merely put on probation for forty rules violations? Then, in 1989, Luther Darville, acting coordinator of the schools office of minority affairs was uncovered as having given money to players. According to Steve Wulf, a staff writer for Sports Illustrated, Darville is alleged to have siphoned money from the minority affairs office from 1983 to 88 and to have doled some of it out to 17 students, including nine athletes, in need of cash(13). This is a person who is not even in the athletics department. This shows the dedication some large schools have to keeping their athletes satisfied. The article goes on to state that, According to Valdez Baylor, a former tailback on the Gopher football team, Go see Luther was the catchphrase among minority athletes in need he received as much as $5,000 over six years from Darville(13). Baylors account leads me to believe that Darvilles activities were much more widespread than 17 students. The University of Minnesotas actions do not end there. In March of 1999 more issues concerning cover-ups were exposed. In the Chronicle of Higher Education, Welch Suggs provides an account of the next chapter in the declination of the University of Minnesota. According to the President of the University, Mark G. Yudof, Jan Ganglehoffa secretary in the departments academic-services office, completed more than 100 class assignments for as many as 20 basketball players during a five-year period (A41). The article goes on to state the school may have stepped in on the reports of two dozen sexual misconduct cases, against tutors and other women on campus, in order to protect the athletes involved. Many colleges cater to these students, giving them money, clothing, and other material possessions. After time, the athletes come to expect these things. Athletic departments are primarily self funded, so if they dont have winning teams, they dont make any money. Consequently, the more the teams win the more money the schools and athletic departments make. Therefore, schools and coaches are willing to take a risk on athletes that have a background of bad behavior, if that person will make a difference on the field. Athletes that attend these big universities expect the universities to do everything for them, and they are more than often correct. These institutions are willing to do anyth ing for them. It is the case know, that many institutions are being caught for covering up crimes that athletes have committed in order for the athletes to remain eligible. Jeffrey R. Benedict in an article entitled, Colleges Must Act Decisively When Scholarship Athletes Run Afoul of the Law, points out that, male athletes?who make up only three percent of all male students?were accused of nineteen percent of sexual assaults and 35 thirty-five percent of the cases of domestic violence that were reported to campus officials by female students(B6). Benedict goes on to note that, an extremely small percentage of student athletes are accused of criminal acts, but it also appears that many of those who are accused have had previous trouble with the law(B7). The NCAA lets colleges determine the disciplinary actions that should take place if an athlete commits a crime. This allows the institutions to take as little action as they want in dealing with the students. It is common that students remain eligible while their trials are going on. The coaches and athletic departments are so eager to win that they will let criminals play for their teams. The athletes at these large universities receive so much, and are so looked up to in the community they feel untouchable. Furthermore, it is the coaches and boosters, so intent on winning, who commit the illegal activities and encouraging the athletes, not directly, but by their own example, into wanting more and getting away with more. These athletes are not being punished for the acts that they commit. The athletes therefore, believe that they can get away with anything. So what can be done to end the insanity that college athletics has become?There are many proposals, from a number of institutions and organizations, for further rule changes by the NCAA. One, originated by Joe B. Wyatt, chancellor of Vanderbilt University, and explained in his article Our Moral Duty to Clean Up College Athletics has been forwarded to the NCAA and is now under review. These regulations are simple, if an athlete does not leave a college in good academic standing, the college would lose a scholarship spot until the date the departed athlete would have graduated (A56). Also, the athletes who transfer would not be able to play until they earn academic eligibility. Now, athletes who are in trouble academically can transfer and play immediately. If athletes who do not meet academic requirements cannot play when they transfer, colleges would be more reluctant to accept them. This would ensure they kept their grades up. These are not the only rule changes that need to take place. In an April 22nd article for Newsweek, Pete Axhelm believes rules must come down harder on coaches and boosters for cheating. He maintains that boosters, who are the main people presenting athletes with gifts, should only be allowed to meet with players at supervised functions. Also, in the article, Notre Dame basketball coach Digger Phelps comments, Make it uniform , watch them closely, and let them know that if they cheat on it, they will lose eligibility(74). This would intimidate boosters from giving gifts and players from taking them. If the state of athletics is improved morally, the academic gains will come. Axthelm also insists that coaches who get caught cheating and leave schools should have their penalties follow them, stating that, Fear of not getting hired again can be a good deterrent(74). All of these rules make sense, for the athletes come and go, and it is the coaches and institutions that are always there. They are the ones that are cheating. .u74be20ec2e7710e16b3244c56f623fab , .u74be20ec2e7710e16b3244c56f623fab .postImageUrl , .u74be20ec2e7710e16b3244c56f623fab .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u74be20ec2e7710e16b3244c56f623fab , .u74be20ec2e7710e16b3244c56f623fab:hover , .u74be20ec2e7710e16b3244c56f623fab:visited , .u74be20ec2e7710e16b3244c56f623fab:active { border:0!important; } .u74be20ec2e7710e16b3244c56f623fab .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u74be20ec2e7710e16b3244c56f623fab { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u74be20ec2e7710e16b3244c56f623fab:active , .u74be20ec2e7710e16b3244c56f623fab:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u74be20ec2e7710e16b3244c56f623fab .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u74be20ec2e7710e16b3244c56f623fab .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u74be20ec2e7710e16b3244c56f623fab .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u74be20ec2e7710e16b3244c56f623fab .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u74be20ec2e7710e16b3244c56f623fab:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u74be20ec2e7710e16b3244c56f623fab .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u74be20ec2e7710e16b3244c56f623fab .u74be20ec2e7710e16b3244c56f623fab-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u74be20ec2e7710e16b3244c56f623fab:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Ethan Frome: Fantasy is an Escape from Winter EssayAs I sit, watching a basketball game between Cincinnati and UNC, the number 1 and number 7 ranked teams in the country, I wonder why those players are at the schools they are. Recalling a quote from Pete Axhelms article, One bitter irony at Tulane is that while many deplored point shaving by a star, few noticed that when the star was shown a printed rundown of his rights, he had difficulty reading it, I realize why they are. It is the institutions that exploit these athletes, luring them to college with gifts and then not providing. They are not providing an education for the athletes; the fundamental thing they are there for. Colleges use these athletes, young and na?ve, to earn more money and win. Thirty-seven percent of scholarship athletes graduate college. The one-thing colleges can promise to athletes, a full scholarship, a free education, they only provide to thirty-seven percent of them. In closing, I feel that it is the institutions, not the athletes who need to be held more responsible for cheating and cover-ups in order to clean up college athletics.

Gymnastics Market Profile

Gymnastics Market Profile Introduction One of the oldest participatory sports activities in the world is Gymnastics. The sport’s activities require physical strength, agility, flexibility, coordination balance and grace which enable performers to perform extraordinary moves. There are many gymnast sports but artistic arts are the best known of them all.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Gymnastics Market Profile specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Men and women gymnastic activities both involve vault and floor exercises. The rest of the activities are specialized including balance beams and uneven parallels for females and pommel horse and parallel bars for males. Besides artistic gymnastics, other sports under the wide gymnastics field include rhythmic gymnastics and trampoline. Like all sporting activities nowadays, gymnastics is a big business sports that involves many industries that are interconnected together. These sectors together develop gymnastic programs for sporting entertainment. In this paper, the market profile of gymnastics will be examines through an overview of the sport, current consumers, the demand for the sporting activity and the future prospects of the sport. Overview Gymnastics can trace its origins to the ancient Greek. The ancient Greeks performed a number of gymnastic exercises for fun and recreation. Individuals especially children and young adults were encouraged to perform athletic feats according to their own notion. The authorities then incorporated these feats into the curriculum of the Greek education system and gymnastics was performed besides art and music. After the ascension of the Roman Empire, gymnastics was used for military training and soldiers were required to perform the gymnastic feats in preparation for hand-to-hand combat (Colin and Shelia p 1). Gymnastics governing body Federation of International Gymnastics (FIG) was founded in the year 1881 and facilitated gymnastic competitions in the first Olympic Games in the 1896. Different types of exercises including some from the circus evolved with time and developed to form the current gymnastic moves that characterize the industry (Colin and Shelia p 1). Gymnastics nowadays is a major sporting activity wit thousands of participants from different countries. The most dominant countries include Japan, Russia, China, the US Romania, Germany, Hungary, and Italy.Advertising Looking for report on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The sport has over time continued to grow since its inception. For along time Japan produced the world’s best gymnast only to be overtaken by Russia and China ad the US. Participation of the sports is almost presented in all major competitions including the Olympic, All Africa games, European championships, Pan-American games, common wealth games, and Asian games. In the countries mentioned a bove the sport is well developed and in some cases like the US it has been integrated into the education curriculum In the US for instance there are over 5000 gymnastics clubs with an estimated membership that tops 100,000. Some of the equipments used in gymnastics include chalks, mats, braces, and apparatus. Others are balance beams, pommel horse and vaulting table. Gymnastics is performed by both men and women especially of all ages (Verrow. et al 40). Consumers Considering gymnastics is part of sports entertainment, there are passive consumers who mainly make up the fan base of gymnastic enthusiasts. These groups of consumers are involved in gymnastic events for fun. They mainly consume in a business sense display gymnastics normally performed by groups of athletes numbering 6- 150. These athletes perform highly synchronized moves that are choreographed to easily followed routines (Verrow. et al 46). One of the world’s most famous gymnastic events performed by gymnasts for casual consumers if the World Gymnaestrada. Gymnastics also perform in circuses like the MonteCarlo circus for passive consumers. They mainly attend gymnastic events to enjoy gymnastic events as performed by professional gymnasts. The kind of activities these consumers enjoy are laced with acrobatic and balance moves. Besides the casual consumers of gymnastics describes above, there are core consumers of gymnastics that engage in gymnastics especially for sports. They include aerobic gymnast popular in sports. Aerobic gymnastics involves routine performances by individuals normally in pairs or trio. The performances emphasize flexibility, strength, and fitness. It is important to note that this form of gymnastic does not involve acrobatics and balance. Many sports teams in different categories such as soccer, American football, and athletics employ these kinds of gymnastics in their trainings (Conrad 87). Demand Gymnastics is a young sport in terms of consumption and market penetra tion. Participation is concentrated in pockets inconsistently distributed in the world. Only a handful of countries mentioned earlier have fully developed gymnastic sports ventures. As its popularity grows especially with the entry of the Chinese into the competitive club of gymnastics, the demand for the sporting event is growing steadily.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Gymnastics Market Profile specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More One of the factors that have led to the unprecedented growth of gymnastics is the advancement in technology. The Chinese especially are on record as having finely fused the Japans and Russian styles of gymnastics to produce unique Chinese moves. They have been able to achieve this though technology (Conrad 87). Popularity of the sport in the US has led to growth in demand of the coaches. As result, the country has contracted the services of coaches from traditionally gymnastic powerhouses such as Russia, Japan, and Europe. Many colleges and universities due to growing demand have incorporated gymnastics into their curriculums in order to satisfy the demand. However, some experts point to a discouraging trend in the sport. There has been failure to develop new performed elements in the last decade. Jozsa says that the number of new elements developed between 1994 to 1999 is less than the new elements developed between 1987 and 1993. The experts blame the lack of development in bad judgment and lack of creativity in the sport (68). Future Prospects Considering the sport is not saturated like say soccer, there is potential fro growth in the next ten 5-10 years. According to Rosner, there is a new code in the judgment and evaluation of gymnastics that has discouraged innovation effectively hampering the development of new elements (38). He further says that the new code has discouraged creativity because coaches and gymnagists don’t see the values of developing ne w elements. If the trend continues, the sport is likely to be monotonous and risks losing its entertainment value. The future of gymnastics is bright and there is likely to be significant growth in the next 5-10 years but, only if the sports leaders adhere to the following; development of new performance elements, assessing the difficulty of the elements and emphasis on the originality of the elements performed. The last point included connections and routine construction. Additionally there needs to major investment in the sport considering the equipment used are capital intensive. The field of competition will also need to be expanded in the next decade for its participation and fan base to equal other major sports. That way gymnastics is assured of growth. Colin, Blakemore and Shelia, Jennett. Gymnastics. The Oxford Companion to the Body. 2001. Encyclopedia.com. 19 Jul. 2011 https://www.encyclopedia.com/Advertising Looking for report on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Conrad, Mark. The Business of Sports: A Primer for Journalists. Burlington: InfoBase Publishers, 2010. Jozsa, Frank. Big sports, big business: a century of league expansions, mergers. London: Routledge, 2006. Print. Rosner, Scott and Shropshire, Kenneth. The business of sports. New York: Routledge, 2004. Verrow, Row. et al.Sports business: law, practice and precedents. New York: Sage Publishers, 2005. Print.

Leading Organization Change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Leading Organization Change - Essay Example Macro level (big scale - organizational level causes) Demand for Little-bit's product has been strong, however, quality decrease because of organizational culture. Little-bit's reputation is crumbling because of its managers' negative public statements. Fairly flat structure of Little-bit. Micro level (small scale - group/individual level causes) Members of the organization has their own agenda, the whole organization is not working for the company's vision and objectives. The leaders also divided, they decide individually. Too many members of the management, the functions and responsibilities overlap. 3. Identify which of the four systems are affected - e.g. Interpersonal, Techno-structural, Human processes, Strategic. Note: Using Text Book The most affected by change is the strategic system, because change is simply unavoidable in the business world. The advent of globalization and information technology taught organizations well that change is necessary. To become stagnant is to deprive the organization of its chances to survive in a harsh, unpredictable and rapidly changing business environment. 4. Identify which organizational metaphors (machines or political or organisms or flux and transformation ) are generally applied by members of the organization Note: Using concept stated in S_Reading 4.6 The members of Little-bit are applying the organizational metaphors such as organisms (it is important to maximize to fit between individual, team and organizational needs), cultures and political system (the company applies autocracy and there are coalitions between individuals that is more important than work teams). 5. Identify which new metaphors (machines or political or organisms or flux and...For example, if you selected a theoretical approach that indicated that managers are capable of shaping their environment, then you would need to select interventions and other factors that are consistent with this approach. The most affected by change is the strategic system, because change is simply unavoidable in the business world. The advent of globalization and information technology taught organizations well that change is necessary. To become stagnant is to deprive the organization of its chances to survive in a harsh, unpredictable and rapidly changing business environment. The members of Little-bit are applying the organizational metaphors such as organisms (it is important to maximize to fit between individual, team and organizational needs), cultures and political system (the company applies autocracy and there are coalitions between individuals that is more important than work teams). Little-bit should apply the concept of "organizations as machines" because in this metaphor change must be driven and resistance can be managed. The company's objectives can be set at the beginning of the process and can give the direction. 7. Identify which meta-model of change is most appropriate.

Business law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 2

Business law - Essay Example Subsequently, the counter-offer by Stein was rejected by Doe. Later, Stein sent an acceptance letter to Doe agreeing with the terms mentioned in the offer initially made by Doe. However, within the gap, Doe had already accepted the offer of MARK Drugs to work as a research director in the company, which spares various reasons to disregard the contract as valid. According to the law of contract, acceptance and offer are quite essential to be made in a transparent manner, where the intention of both the parties, i.e. the offeror and the offeree must be informed as legitimate and viable. In accordance with the scenario, it can be observed that Doe (as the offeror) and Stein (as the offeree) have informed their offer as well as acceptance/non-acceptance through postal medium to create a legal relationship. As per the contract law, parties involved in agreements are required to be legally associated in order to execute duties legally, after a confirmed acceptance has been made voluntarily by the offeree1. However, in this case, Stein made no confirm acceptance of the offer made by Dr. Doe, which makes the contract void, as it does not support any legal obligation to exist between the two parties. In simple words, there was no acceptance made to the offer, which makes the contract void. ... The feedback provided by the president of the company implies that the offer was accepted and it is valid. But, the president of the company made a counter-offer stating that the company will recruit Dr. Doe for the position of vice president with a salary of $300,000 per annum, which certainly cannot be regarded as an acceptance by law. Correspondingly, rejection of the original offer, as prescribed by Doe, was presented with a counter-offer, which signifies that the first original offer has become void and cannot be accepted in future. In a similar case of Hyde v Wrench [1840] 3 Beav 334, it was identified that Wrench made an offer to sell to Hyde a piece of land for a price of ?1,000. Hyde made a counter offer of ?950, which was later rejected. Subsequently, Hyde accepted the original offer but it was rejected. Consequently, the (proposed) contract amid Wrench and Hyde was identified to be invalid2. Hence, in the case of Dr. Doe and Stein, the offer can be identified as a mere inv itation without any legal consideration and obligation. Apparently, there was no legal binding between the parties for the service-term and appointment of Doe in the company, which can further be argued with reference to the case of Gibson v Manchester City Council [1979] 1 All ER 972. In this case, a letter was provided to Mr. Gibson by the Manchester City Council to sell the house at a rate of $2,180. During the period, there was certain change in the policy of the Council and Mr. Gibson was refused with the proposal to purchase the house. It was later determined that the letter from the Council was a mere invitation, which signified that there was no contract between the parties3. In this case, however, an acceptance was made by Stein

Placement Experience and Personal and Professional Development Essay

Placement Experience and Personal and Professional Development - Essay Example In addition, I was also assigned with the responsibility to handle queries of customers who are already in the middle of a tour or those who are about to go on a tour. Queries were mostly related to payment, travel tickets, travel documents, immigration and local guidance. My duty was also to process the queries and delegate them to my superiors in cases where handling those queries were beyond my capability as well as authority. Another major responsibility was to notify clients of any modifications in the tour plans and other updates related to date of departure and arrival (such as, notifying any flight postponement or delay). Alongside that, my job role required me to gather feedback from our customers regarding quality of products and services offered by us. Thereafter, I was supposed to deliver the feedback to my superiors as well as manager in order for them to identify area of strengths and improvements. Lastly, I provided assistance to my manager so as to finish the day†™s task.DiscussionBeing the sales representative in Hino Travel Limited, my major responsibility was to attend customers who come for consultancy and provide them with all necessary information regarding products and services that we had to offer. In such a situation I had to use my presentation skills combined with a positive attitude in order to persuade them to choose the deals that we had on offer. I was able to do so by developing an exhaustive picture of needs and expectations of the customers.

Use of Gender in Advertising

Use of Gender in Advertising Gender and Media Advertising. Introduction: The final dissertation will research, analyze and summarize the findings pertaining to the use of gender in advertising and the possible effects on the target market and society. The media advertising covered to include both print and electronic media and will, at minimum, encompass examples from magazines, television and Internet advertising, as they are the most pervasive within western society. A brief history of advertising and common techniques used in advertising, such as branding, to be included as background information. Methodology.   Content analysis to be done on selected major advertising campaigns in the three specified media of magazines, television and Internet. Additional quantitative analysis tools will be used, where required. Body   The research question to be addressed is: Identify and analyze the use of gender in media advertising, and its probable effects on society and summarize the findings. Provide background information on the historical and ethical use of advertising, including marketing techniques and refer to key proponents of the subject. For the purpose of the dissertation the following definitions will be applied throughout Gender  (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender): â€Å"the characteristics, whether biological or socially influenced, by which people define male and female.† (Myers, 2002)Advertising (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising) Generally speaking, advertising is the promotion of goods, services, companies and ideas, usually by an identified sponsor. To achieve the required results, information and advertisements will be gathered from multiple sources; including magazines with different target audiences, television advertising and related articles, as well as Internet sites that promote specific products. Internet sites to include both product sites which are selected by the consumer and pop up advertising which is unsolicited. The content analysis of the data will take into consideration the techniques used, how appropriate the gender usage is related to the nature of the product being marketed and the target audience. The results to be summarized, categorized and reported based on the different media being evaluated as they use differing marketing techniques. This could result in gender content in advertising being less appropriate in certain mediums, based on the target audience and whether the target had the choice to select the specific advertisement. Printed media provides standard content for all consumers who view or purchase the magazine Television advertising is timed, niche type marketing to gain the attention of the most likely target market e.g. car related products advertised during NASCAR racing   Internet advertising is often one-on-one marketing based on the specific consumers past usage of Internet sites and information gathered by marketers on consumers from their web sites. e.g. Amazon analyze purchases made and then advertise selected products based on this history data to that individual consumer Certain products advertise using all of the above channels and are likely to prove to be good examples for inclusion in the dissertation. They will provide a total view of a product’s advertising strategy, as well as have a broad effect on society. Such products advertising could include additional channels, such as billboards and cinema advertising and this should be noted and included, where applicable. Where possible, marketing research carried out by the products marketing company will be included to validate the target markets and identify their marketing strategies.    The analysis must include the use of both men and women in advertising and the results need to identify and specify the differences and similarities in the use of both in the specific advertisements.   For this to provide a balanced comparison, the products for both sexes should be comparable, e.g. apparel. In addition to specifically looking at the effects of gender in advertising, any product that displays misleading facts, either by inclusion or omission of relevant facts, in any aspect, is to be investigated and included in the results. I believe that the dissertation will show that there are many examples of gender being included inappropriately by the media. If the introduction of a specific gender in an advertisement has no bearing on the product or the usage thereof, and is included only to engage the interest of the potential consumer, the inclusion is likely to be unnecessary and probably inappropriate. Such misuse could result in a number of negative effects on the consumer, for example Raises false expectations of the effect of the product being marketed Creates stereotypes in the minds of the general public which are erroneous Literature review As part of the analysis, identify and read up articles from key authors on the subject matter and include their findings relating to gender issues in advertising and any other appropriate sources outputs in the dissertation. Assumptions The dissertation is limited to advertising for an adult market and will not include marketing specifically aimed at children or teens. The study will only include media in English that is primarily used in the western world If specific print magazines, periodicals, companies or advertising campaigns are to be included in the study, this will be stated by the client The dissertation relates to advertising directed at the general public and therefore excludes business-to-business marketing and advertising strategies. Possible Limitations The topic will be limited to media advertising in English speaking, western society only, although I believe the use of gender in advertising could have a far greater negative impact in the Middle and Far East. The culture of consumers differs across Europe and the Americas and certain cultural groups will view advertisements differently. If the advertising has been customized by country or region to accommodate differing cultures, this could fragment some of the results. Conclusion: The choice of suitable products and the media advertising utilized is vital to the quality of the final dissertation. Tables and graphs to be included to illustrate the findings, where applicable. The dissertation will summarize the findings of the analysis carried out and document both the negative and positive aspects of gender usage as studied in media advertising. Any unethical practices identified which result in misleading the target market to be included, regardless of whether they specifically relate to the inclusion of gender bias.

Freedom and Authoritarianism :: essays research papers

Freedom and Authoritarianism Freedom and equality are intertwined with one another. Freedom is defined as the custom of being free, political independence, and the possession of civil rights. When reflecting upon the history of the twentieth century many people all over the world were not afforded the luxury of being born with freedom or born with equal rights. In most cases, those people were often oppressed or subjugated by various forms of systematic state sponsored authoritarianism and terror. In order to receive the freedom necessary to survive and the equality required to live a happy and successful life the oppressed people had to take action. Often times the action took on various forms such as, revolts or nonviolent campaigns. Because the governments reliance on authoritarianism and terror to control their citizens, often times revolts and/or nonviolent campaigns were the consequence. Therefore, any advances towards gaining freedom and equality cannot happen without some form of systematic state-sponsor ed authoritarianism and terror taking place first. It is no coincidence because the two phenomena are linked. As mentioned before, any gains toward freedom and equality coexist with authoritarianism and terror maintained by the government. Emma Goldman, an anarchist, speaks of freedom, in â€Å"Victims of Morality†, but believes that religion is the main factor hindering the growth of that freedom. Goldman uses the term â€Å"morality† when referencing religion. Goldman believes that â€Å"morality† is â€Å"paralyzing to the minds and hearts of the people.† She also believes that morality forces people to become conformists during the process of reasoning and the completion of daily tasks, by ignoring their true inner thoughts and feelings. Therefore, Goldman believes that morality restricts people’s happiness and freedom by â€Å"shutting out love, light, and joy from the lives of innumerable victims.† As a result, Goldman does not believe that morality will help eradicate the ills of society. Goldman’s views involving religion and freedom d iffer from those of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.’s views involving that same topic. In Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.’s â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail†, his belief was that any gains toward freedom and equality could not happen without the use of God’s will and the influence of Christian values. Dr. King Jr. believed that Christianity and his faith in God would help eradicate the many injustices in society. A guiding force in Dr. King Jr.’s nonviolent protest were the â€Å"principles dear to the Christian faith†, in which, the need to fight injustices against people was on of them. Freedom and Authoritarianism :: essays research papers Freedom and Authoritarianism Freedom and equality are intertwined with one another. Freedom is defined as the custom of being free, political independence, and the possession of civil rights. When reflecting upon the history of the twentieth century many people all over the world were not afforded the luxury of being born with freedom or born with equal rights. In most cases, those people were often oppressed or subjugated by various forms of systematic state sponsored authoritarianism and terror. In order to receive the freedom necessary to survive and the equality required to live a happy and successful life the oppressed people had to take action. Often times the action took on various forms such as, revolts or nonviolent campaigns. Because the governments reliance on authoritarianism and terror to control their citizens, often times revolts and/or nonviolent campaigns were the consequence. Therefore, any advances towards gaining freedom and equality cannot happen without some form of systematic state-sponsor ed authoritarianism and terror taking place first. It is no coincidence because the two phenomena are linked. As mentioned before, any gains toward freedom and equality coexist with authoritarianism and terror maintained by the government. Emma Goldman, an anarchist, speaks of freedom, in â€Å"Victims of Morality†, but believes that religion is the main factor hindering the growth of that freedom. Goldman uses the term â€Å"morality† when referencing religion. Goldman believes that â€Å"morality† is â€Å"paralyzing to the minds and hearts of the people.† She also believes that morality forces people to become conformists during the process of reasoning and the completion of daily tasks, by ignoring their true inner thoughts and feelings. Therefore, Goldman believes that morality restricts people’s happiness and freedom by â€Å"shutting out love, light, and joy from the lives of innumerable victims.† As a result, Goldman does not believe that morality will help eradicate the ills of society. Goldman’s views involving religion and freedom d iffer from those of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.’s views involving that same topic. In Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.’s â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail†, his belief was that any gains toward freedom and equality could not happen without the use of God’s will and the influence of Christian values. Dr. King Jr. believed that Christianity and his faith in God would help eradicate the many injustices in society. A guiding force in Dr. King Jr.’s nonviolent protest were the â€Å"principles dear to the Christian faith†, in which, the need to fight injustices against people was on of them.

Understanding Nourishes Belonging

Understanding nourishes belonging. A lack of understanding prevents it. Belonging is not a solo act. For belonging to exist there must be some facilitation on the sides of two separate parties. Belonging hinges on how these parties create an understanding of each other. Many of Emily Dickinson’s poems reflected the difficulty which she experienced upon attempting to forge a connection with her society.Her personas in â€Å"My Letter to the World† and â€Å"I had been hungry all the years† both initially struggle with belonging to their society, and resolve these issues through establishing a sense of understanding; the former with her peers and the latter with herself. Similarly, the titular character in Shaun Tan’s acclaimed picture book, â€Å"The Lost Thing† finds itself alienated in a world that is dismissive of things it cannot understand. This lack of understanding stems from the society’s inability to reconcile with that which is diffe rent, and the â€Å"Lost Thing† ultimately must journey to a sanctuary where it is understood and accepted.The composers of each text underscore their ideas using powerful imagery, with symbols and metaphors common features of all three. Understanding facilitates the development of belonging, and this cannot occur unless individuals go out of their way to forge connections with the larger world. The persona in Dickinson’s â€Å"My Letter to the World† attempts to do this on a massive scale, addressing her â€Å"letter† – a metonymy for her entire body of work – to a world that is dismissive of her. The persona makes it clear that she is writing to a society that â€Å"never wrote to me†, which suggests feelings of isolation.These feelings are turned around upon the establishment of a connection with the persona’s countrymen based on the persona’s love of nature, which is personified and described here with a regal and ma jestic beauty. It is due to this love that she allows herself to ask them to â€Å"judge kindly of her†. The persona’s adoration of Nature is expressed clearly through the ardent description of â€Å"Her† in the fourth line. The juxtaposition of the words, â€Å"tender† and â€Å"majesty† is striking, and impresses upon readers a sense of both nature’s gentle beauty and its powerful reign throughout the world.Nature is a commonality between the persona and the society from which she feels alienated; thus, by penning this letter and reaching out, the persona discovers a way of belonging in her society facilitated by an understanding based on their mutual respect for nature. In another of Dickinson’s poems, she addresses the possibility that by pursuing an understanding of belonging, an individual can come to experience that feeling within their own self. The persona of â€Å"I had been hungry† expresses a hunger that has spanned years, a hunger symbolising the innate human need for belonging.Dickinson employs imagery associated with food and eating throughout the poem, in keeping with this extended metaphor. The persona is given the opportunity to â€Å"sample the plenty†. The persona’s hesitance and apprehension in doing so are evident, as she â€Å"trembling drew the table near†. The persona is bewildered by the â€Å"curious wine† and comes to discover that this particular type of belonging isn’t for her. This discovery is emphasised in the metaphor in the second stanza, â€Å"Like berry of a mountain bush/Transplanted to the road†.The juxtaposition of the berry, a thing of nature, and the man-made road signifies the jarring feeling the persona is experiencing. In the end, the persona finds that, â€Å"the entering takes away†. By engaging with the possibility of belonging, much like their counterpart in â€Å"My Letter to the World†, the persona c onversely finds that it isn’t for her, and instead comes to the understanding that she was more comfortable in her own place. Lack of understanding, especially of things that are foreign to us, and how it acts as a barrier to belonging is a theme explored extensively in Shaun Tan’s â€Å"The Lost Thing†.A boy discovers a creature and takes it on a journey through the industrialised conglomerate that takes no heed of it. The â€Å"Lost Thing† is first discovered on a beach; its striking red shade and natural-looking shape instantly convey to the reader how out of place it is in respect to its rather colourless, angular surroundings. The confusion and uncertainty that the people who notice the â€Å"Thing† are epitomised in the narrator’s lines â€Å"It just sat there, looking out of place. I was baffled. † In the end, their search for the â€Å"Lost Thing’s† place, take them to a bizarre place, where all sorts of lost thi ngs have gathered.Far away from the wider society’s inability to comprehend the â€Å"Lost Thing’s† existence, here it can assimilate into a world where its features are far less likely to warrant particular notice. Throughout the book, a recurring visual motif appears in the form of a white, wavy arrow. It initially evades notice – much like the â€Å"Lost Thing† in its society – up until it becomes relevant to the story as a marker leading the two main characters to the world that the â€Å"Lost Thing† eventually finds a home in.Much like Dickinson’s persona’s, it is by making the attempt to find a place of belonging that the â€Å"Lost Thing† is able to navigate past a society that does not understand it into one that does. Society’s perceived indifference and its associated unwillingness or inability to understand play an integral role in the â€Å"My Letter to the World† persona’s percept ion of belonging. Whether this perception is the reality is not made clear; however, by playing on the insecurities of the persona this perception exacerbates her inability to belong.The persona makes it clear that she is alienated by the wider world through the line, â€Å"Her message is committed/To hands I cannot see†. As she is not privy to the contents of this letter, she is therefore not part of this understanding that is shared by the wider community. The idea that this is passed by hands that she cannot see is also significant; it gives the connotation that there is a barrier between the persona and the rest of the world, and until she bridges this barrier and shares in the understanding, she cannot belong.Through â€Å"My Letter to the World†, Dickinson expresses the idea that understanding is perhaps the key to belonging between individuals and groups. Similarly, in â€Å"The Lost Thing†, a lack of understanding gives way to the absence of belonging, a nd a desire on the part of the wider society to get rid of that which the misunderstanding originates from. The society of Tan’s book is unable to connect and interact with the objects they cannot accept into the drab surroundings of their day to day life.The society’s misguided attempts to categorise everything in their world is embodied in the â€Å"Federal Department of Odds and Ends†. Tan parodies government mottos by inventing one for his invented federal department, â€Å"sweepus underum carpetae†. The pseudo Latin suggests that the Department’s purpose is nothing more than to â€Å"sweep things under the rug†. An imperative, â€Å"Don’t Panic†, follows the question â€Å"finding that the order of day-to-day life is unexpectedly interrupted? on the Department’s advertisement, and is indicative of the entire society’s attitude to things that seem out of place. The Lost Thing’s invisibility in its soci ety is highlighted by the small size with which it is depicted against the cityscape. On one of the last pages, Tan poses a series of illustrations in which it appears as though the view is panning out from a tram to a view of several, then of hundreds; this impresses upon readers how easy it is to go unnoticed in the face of society’s lack of care and understanding.An understanding thus cannot be reached between the Lost Thing and its environment, prompting its search for one where this is possible. An understanding between individuals and groups is imperative to a sense of belonging. Both Dickinson’s poems and Tan’s picture book detail the struggles to belong that can transpire from a lack of understanding and also depict the happy reality that results from newfound understanding.

10 Facts on the Relationship Between a Language and Culture for an English Project

10 Facts on the Relationship Between a Language and Culture for an English Project To accurately discuss or write about the relationship between any two factors, it is important to first have an understanding of each of the factors in question before one can write expressively on such subject matters and this comes into play when language and culture are been discussed. Language has been defined as the systematic, conventional use of sounds, signs or written symbols in a human society for communication and self-expression. The purpose of language is to communicate with others, to think and to create the foundation for shaping one’s standpoint and outlook to life. Culture on the other hand has multifarious meanings but for the sake of this article, the definition outlined below will serve our purpose. Culture is the total of the inherited and innate ideas, attitudes, beliefs, values and knowledge comprising or forming the shared foundations of social action. Therefore, the relationship between language and culture is definitely symbiotic as one cannot function without the other. By this we mean that for an individual to inherit or gain knowledge, values and ideas, the individual must first be able to communicate with others knowledgeable about that particular culture through convention sounds/signs which is language. So here are some facts on the relationship between language and culture for anyone writing a project on these subject matters. Language and culture are unique human abilities. The ability to create a structured language for communication is what makes humans and our culture distinct from other species. Humans learn their culture through language and foreign cultures are also transmitted through language. The role culture plays a major role in language. Humans are born without a language but are born with language-acquisition faculties which enable us learn languages. Research shows that humans learn their local language through cultural transmission rather than from formal learning. This research goes further to state that to understand specific words and literary terms of a language, an individual must be familiar with the culture of that society. There is a strong relationship between language and culture in numbers. There are approximately 6,000 different languages in the world and these are shared among the 9,000 different cultures currently existing on earth. Linguists have showed concern that 5% of the least used languages in the world are in danger of becoming extinct and in the next 100 years, 90% of all world languages will either be extinct or moribund. Lastly, an entire way of thinking - cultures - gets lost to the human race each time a language goes extinct. Language influences culture. Language influences culture in diverse ways and provides people from other cultures with a window into understanding cultures other than theirs. Studies show that the vocabulary of any language tends to place emphasis on words that are considered to be adaptively important to the corresponding culture. Therefore learning the terminologies commonly used by a culture provides a measure of understanding into the way of life of its people. Teaching using another language in a different culture is hard. Teachers have encountered difficulties when teaching a second language not local to a culture to its people and here are some facts to explain these difficulties. Studies have shown that how students learn and interact with teachers is determined by their culture. Approximately 80% of language teachers agree that cultural boundaries and roots play a huge role in determining how students understand or interpret the new language expressions they are been taught. Therefore, creators of second language policies must be sensitive to the local culture of all people. The language and culture of different societies greatly vary. In all communities, the spoken language is in a synergetic relationship with the culture of that society and Sapir-Whorf hypothesis states that; the characteristics, peculiarities, and literary words encoded in one language system are distinctive, typical, and unique to that system and they are dissimilar as well as incomparable with those of other systems. These dissimilarities in turn lead to difficulties in understanding the expressions and terminologies inherent to a certain culture by foreigners. The major languages do not represent the cultures of the world. The major languages spoken in Europe- English, French, Spanish etc.- do not truly represent the cultural values in a majority of the nations in which they are spoken. Studies show that colonialism saw these languages having been adapted by diverse cultures for easy administration by the conquerors but they do not provide insight into understanding of these diverse cultures. Most nations using the major languages as their lingua franca have local languages that represent their culture. The role of culture in cross-cultural communication is huge. Since each culture has its own language set and ways of communicating, cross cultural communications can be quite difficult for individuals. Research shows that culture constantly makes its presence felt during cross-cultural communication and this can lead to stereotyping and misunderstandings during communication. Language and culture are not monolithic and the belief in a monolithic human identity leads to social and political standoffs. The relationship between language, culture and gender. Studies have shown that the language used by specific genders fluctuate in almost every culture. In approximately 80% of the world’s languages, women may communicate at a deficit which is specified as the ‘woman register’ and this places them as inferior to men. This leads to social friction when genders from diverse cultures communicate. Learning of new languages is achieved through cultural integration. Understanding a foreign culture plays a huge role in becoming competent with its language. Studies show that students of another language will learn to use expressions and terminologies in their right context if they acquire knowledge of the society’s culture. Therefore an integrated learning policy that targets both cultural and lingual learning is important to mastering a second language. So here are 10 facts on the relationship between a language and culture for an English project and this article will be taken a step further, with topics on the subject matter of language and culture combined with a sample project which will serve as a guideline for anyone looking to write extensively on today’s topic. Plus genre oriented guide on how to work with such assignment. These multiple pieces of information will be provided in the next papers of this series. So stay tuned. References: David, E (2013). The Relationship between Language and Culture. http://www2.lib.nifs-k.ac.jp/HPBU/annals/an46/46-11.pdf Campbell, L. (1997). The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis. http://venus.va.com.au/suggestion/sapir.html Stern, H. (2009). Fundamental concepts of language teaching 4, 6. Thanasoulas, D. (2001). Radical Pedagogy: The importance of teaching culture in the foreign language classroom. radicalpedagogy.org/radicalpedagogy.org/About_this_Journal.html Wardhaugh, R. (2002). An introduction to sociolinguistics 30-38. Peterson, E. Coltrane, B. (2003, December). Culture in second language teaching. https://media.startalk.umd.edu/workshops/2009/SeattlePS/sites/default/files/files/CAL_%20Digests_%20Culture%20in%20Second%20Language%20Teaching.pdf O’Neil, D. (1998-2005). Language and culture: An introduction to human communication.

5 Points to Take into Account While Looking for Writers to Help with Your Assignment

5 Points to Take into Account While Looking for Writers to Help with Your Assignment 5 Points to Take into Account While Looking for Writers to Help with Your Assignment When you are looking to hire a writer, you have to make sure that he/she is the best candidate for the task to handle. Unfortunately, many people do not know which qualities to pay attention to, when they are searching for writers. Luckily, this article will help you understand which factors you should consider before hiring the writer. There are five key points that determine if the person you are interviewing will provide you with the best writing. 1. Previous Feedback When you are looking for writers, pay attention to the previous customers’ feedback. Almost all professional writers have reviews that their clients have left. Look over them to make sure that the person you are going to hire is reliable and really good at writing. If the writer does not have any reviews, or is not willing to show you the clients’ feedback, this is the red flag that you have to omit such a person and find someone else to work with. 2. Writing Samples Good, readable writing is the most important skill of a truly professional writer. As such, you need to make sure that the person you are going to hire is well qualified for the job. The best way to do this is to ask him/her for the samples. You can look through these papers and determine whether the writers style fits your needs. 3. Communication Skills Can you easily contact the person you would like to hire? Good communication skills are very important. This ensures you that the writer is able to understand and meet your needs. Additionally, being able to contact the writer makes it easier to discuss any revisions or changes that might be required. 4. Ability to Meet Deadlines Your project needs to be completed within a finite amount of time before the due day. Otherwise, you will not have enough time to check the paper, and as a result will be punished for delaying or for submitting the poor piece. Because of this, you have to work with someone who will be able to meet the deadline. So, make sure that the writer knows exactly when the assignment has to be finished. 5. Does the Writer Works for an Agency? Are you looking for a freelance assignment writer, or someone who works for an agency? Some writers work for themselves, while others are employed by writing companies. While both options are great, writers, who work for the agencies, tend to be more reliable. They are part of the larger businesses, so they treat their crafts with professional seriousness. Good feedback, great writing samples, and being able to meet the deadline are the items to ensure you that you are on the right path. Consequently, such a writer will provide you with a worthy paper. So, when you want to find the most qualified writer possible, use these key points to make the right choice and to hire the best candidate for you piece.

American Slave Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

American Slave - Essay Example Most slave owners had one great fear that of slaves learning how to write and read. The owners knew that the less the slaves knew the better they would be. Having the potential to write and read meant that, slaves would realize that they are equal to their masters. This would lead to them questioning slave owners about their treatment towards their fellow men. Douglas started reading and writing. As he kept on reading more it became easy to look at things extraordinarily differently. His attitude changed altogether. He started seeing things, not as a slave but a citizen. As a result of his gain in knowledge, he started to envy illiterate slaves, who did not understand the horrible living conditions. Therefore, he could not at all bear the thought of being captive as a slave (Fredrick 33). Any slave who got noticed by his master to be a quick learner or trying to read and write, he or she would be stopped and discouraged from learning. This is because slave owners never wanted their slaves to become aware of the news about slavery. Slave owners never wanted their slaves to know anything related to being free or freedom. In spite of the harsh rules against a teaching of slaves, they always found a way to gain knowledge of how to read or write. All this happened by Douglas holding classes on Sundays where slaves from other farms and plantation who sneaked and risked their lives, came over to learn (Fredrick 34). At the time, when Douglas is extremely young, he witnesses a slave getting whipped for the first time.

Response Journal 5 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Response Journal 5 - Essay Example According to the CNN article, Transocean, the owner of the rig is blaming BP for its missteps which caused the spill. In the said article, Transocean pointed out that the explosion was the result of "a succession of interrelated well design, construction, and temporary abandonment decisions" that "compounded the likelihood of its failure," (CNN). If the claims of Transocean are true, we can conclude that an engineering decision was partly to blame for the spill. In fact even BP’s investigation revealed a failure in engineering design. As we all know, this spill caused widespread harm to the people, the environment and the wildlife of the region. A major implication of the engineering decisions in this incident is its effect in the environment. Marine life has been largely devastated. The aquatic food chain was disturbed causing the death of a multitude of organisms, several varieties of fish and other sea creatures. The economic implication of the spill is that the people whos e livelihood depends on the ocean now risk losing their means of survival. The social implication can be seen in how the spill affected the health of the workers at the rig and the people within the vicinity. Another important implication of the engineering decisions that led to the oil spill is in the area of politics. Government must have the will to restore the Gulf to its previous healthy condition.

Risk management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Risk management - Essay Example Banks therefore, make investments in various areas in order to be able to reduce the adversity risks due to price movements in a security it trades in simply by taking a position that will offset the related security. The Bank of England has played a very pivotal role in the economic development of the country primarily, by diversifying risks for all the economic agents. As with any other bank, the greatest financial risk it faced was the interest rate risk. During the last financial crisis i.e. the financial crisis of the year 2007, banks were able to employ certain strategies before and after the crisis which were geared towards mitigating them from such risks brought about by the crisis (Dietrich, 2006). The Bank of England was among those banks which were affected by this crisis and had to therefore apply a risk management theory such as the Forward Trade Agreement before and after the crisis to mitigate itself from the various forms of interest rate exposure. This is because, fl uctuations in its interest rate had the capability of altering its interest income and value thus, making the management of interest rate risk using hedging methods vital to its success. The Asset and Liability Committee of the Bank of England as the body tasked with ensuring that interest rates are properly maintained and managed to avoid any interest rate risk exposures before and after the financial crisis, applied the following strategies to hedge out the risk. Hedging strategies/methods used a. The use of interest rate swaps Interest rate swaps refers to a type of highly popular instrument as a liquid financial derivative that is used by two parties in the exchange of interest rate cash flows. The two parties agree exchange the cash flows of the interest rate basing their agreement on a specified notional amount obtained from a rate that is fixed to a floating rate or even vice versa. The same can also be from a floating rate to any other rate. A clear understanding of how the Bank of England used it would be to consider the two parties agreeing to pay a rate fixed or floating, denominated in the pound to the other party. The rate was then multiplied by a notional principal amount in the US$. The outcome was given an appropriate accrual value for the day count convention. If both the legs featured in similar currency, the notional amount was typically not exchanged between the parties but, instead used to calculate the cash flow sizes to be exchanged (Dietrich, 2006). The notional amount was exchanged if the legs appeared in different currencies. A more common interest rate swap in use has been the LIBOR. With the LIBOR there is a ‘payer’ and a ‘receiver’. One party pays the LIBOR plus a trade percentage plus the rate offered by the other party in this kind of trade activity. Since interest rate swaps are over-the-counter (OTC) instruments, the various varieties the bank could have used include: floating for floating rate swap wi th different currencies, the floating for floating rate swap with similar currencies, and the fixed for fixed rate swaps. Regardless of the changes in the LIBOR rates in future, the rolling deposit value will always equal the notional amount at the reset date. b. Used of forward derivatives The bank also used derivatives during the period to manage the risks. A particular one used was the forward contracts. In the management